Case IH公司A8000系列改进型甘蔗收割机

介绍了Case IH公司A8000系列改进型甘蔗收割机各主要部件的结构特点及技术性能,为我国相关科研单位和生产企业进一步研究和开发甘蔗收割机提供参考。      

南方崩岗侵蚀风险评估构想

[目的]探讨南方崩岗侵蚀风险评估构架,为崩岗防治规划及分期治理提供科学依据。[方法]通过引入风险评估的理念和方法,结合崩岗发育研究进展,参照生态环境、地质灾害等风险评估流程。[结果]界定了崩岗侵蚀风险内涵,拟定了崩岗侵蚀风险评估方法,构建了崩岗侵蚀风险评估指标体系,并提出了崩岗侵蚀风险评估程序。[结论]风险评估为崩岗侵蚀乃至土壤侵蚀研究领域提供了一种新的理念和方法。     

不同农作管理措施对东北地区农田土壤有机碳未来变化的模拟研究

【目的】研究与探索不同农作管理措施对东北农业土壤有机碳的影响,为东北地区高产高效低碳农业及可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】不同农作管理措施能够影响土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）的未来变化,该研究基于东北地区4个长期定位试验站点（黑龙江省哈尔滨站点、吉林省公主岭站点、吉林省德惠站点、辽宁省沈阳站点）的试验数据,用站点的实测作物产量和SOC双标准对DAYCENT模型进行校验。DAYCENT模型调整的相关参数包括作物参数、耕作方式参数、施肥参数、收获参数和有机肥参数等,在对所选试验站点的长期定位试验结果校验后,利用已校验的各项参数,对模型模拟情况进行验证,发现模型模拟值与实测值吻合良好,表明DAYCENT模型适用于这4个地区的作物产量和SOC模拟,可以较好地模拟SOC的动态变化。进而研究在未来气候变化情景下（representative concentration pathway 4.5,RCP 4.5）,用校验了的DAYCENT模型对这4个站点在4种不同管理情景（施用化肥、增施有机肥、秸秆还田、免耕）下的SOC变化情况进行模拟。【结果】模拟结果显示,对于哈尔滨站点,采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施处理（MNPK）在短时间内使SOC升高较快,而从长远来看,配施低量有机肥与单施用化肥对SOC增加的斜率基本一致,但由于化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）处理的初始SOC含量高,其SOC未来含量的绝对值也比较高;对于德惠站点,虽然短时间内,免耕处理SOC低于常耕处理,但长期看来,免耕更有利于增加SOC,其SOC涨幅逐渐高于常耕处理,40年间相对增加了11.88%;公主岭站点有机肥氮磷钾化肥配施和氮磷钾化肥结合秸秆还田措施较单施化肥可显著提高农田SOC;沈阳站点的未来有机碳模拟发现,在单施化肥情况下,未来的42年内SOC呈略微下降趋势,相对降低2.83%,从长远看来,单施化肥并不能使该地区SOC增加,因此,可以考虑采用有机肥和氮磷钾化肥配施等措施来提高该地区的农田SOC。【结论】DAYCENT模型可以有效地模拟作物产量和土壤有机碳的动态变化,模型适应性较强,同时DAYCENT模型可用于模拟站点未来SOC的动态变化。在东北地区农田土壤管理方面,可通过合理的有机肥化肥配施、推广免耕和秸秆还田技术来固定土壤碳,最终达到提高土壤有机碳库和促进农业可持续发展的目标。     

紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段土壤生态化学计量特征

采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对湖南省衡阳市紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段(包括前期(Ⅰ)、中前期(Ⅱ)、中后期(Ⅲ)和后期(Ⅳ))不同土层(包括0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm、60～80 cm、80～100 cm 与0～100 cm土层)的土壤生态化学计量特征进行研究。结果表明：(1)随着植被恢复的进行,每个恢复阶段各土层土壤有机碳含量先升后降,呈现出倒“U”形规律,TN和TP的含量显著减小(P＜0.05),具有明显的“表聚性”, 每土层的4个恢复阶段的SOC的大小具有“波动性”,差异具有显著性(P＜0.05),TN和TP的含量的大小顺序均为：后期(Ⅳ)＞中后期(Ⅲ)＞中前期(Ⅱ)＞前期(Ⅰ),其差异达显著水平(P＜0.05);(2)随着植恢复的进行, 0～100 cm土壤SOC、TN和TP显著增加(P＜0.05), C/N、C/P和N/P显著减小(P＜0.05);(3)相关分析说明： C/N与SOC、SER呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与TN、TP、SWC、SBD呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01);C/P与SOC呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与SWC、SBD呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01);N/P与SOC、TN、TP、pH值呈显著或极显著正相关(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),与SBD、SER呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01)。研究结果说明,在植被恢复过程中,植被对土壤中N和P两种元素的需求相一致。     

近30年西北地区耕地生产力动态演变及能力评价

为了明确西北地区耕地生产力及其动态演变过程,掌握该区在全国粮食生产中的整体水平,利用1982—2012年西北地区耕地生产力数据,结合GIS分析描述了该区近30年耕地生产力和耕地压力指数动态演变过程,及该区在全国粮食生产中的整体水平,结果表明:近30年来,西北地区耕地生产力呈现出小范围波动、连续上涨的发展趋势,从1982年的2078.28 kg·hm-2上升至2012年的5 643.75 kg·hm-2,翻了近3番,但其年均增长率不稳定,年际间变化幅度相对较大,在1996年到达历史最高水平23%;西北地区耕地生产力在全国的比重明显上升(由1982年的0.455上升到2012年的0.749),但又始终低于全国平均水平(耕地粮食生产力指数始终小于1),随着时间的推移,该区粮食生产中心主要向粮食生产能力较高的新疆和陕西地区集中;西北地区耕地压力指数在阶段性波动变化中呈现出略微减小趋势,耕地压力有所缓解,但其缓解幅度并不大,耕地压力级别始终处在Ⅱ级预警值(0.91~1.10)范围内。     

Economic growth and nutrition transition: an empirical analysis comparing demand elasticities for foods in China and Russia

This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System(QUAIDS) for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing scientific evidence that increasing meat consumption, especially red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.     

Technical and environmental efficiency of hog production in China—A stochastic frontier production function analysis

This article analyses the technical and environmental efficiency of hog production in China using data from the China Agricultural Product Cost-Benefit Compilation(NDRC 2005–2013) and the First National Census of Pollution: Manual of Discharge Coefficient of Livestock and Poultry Industry(IEDA and NIES 2009). The empirical results show a great variation in environmental efficiency, ranging from 0.344 to 0.973 with a mean value of 0.672 that declines over time. Southwest China is found to be the most environmentally efficient region, while the Northeast and the Northwest are the least efficient. Another finding is that technical and environmental efficiencies are highly correlated in hog production; the most environmentally efficient regions are usually found to have high technical efficiency, and vice versa. In addition, we computed the output elasticities with respect to each factor input. The results show that feed is the most efficient input, with an output elasticity of approximately 0.551, which is much higher than the elasticity of the nitrogen surplus, other capital or labour. The output elasticity with respect to the nitrogen surplus is 0.287 on average. Finally, the scale elasticity in hog production is slightly higher than 1.     

China agricultural outlook for 2015–2024 based on China Agricultural Monitoring and Early-warning System(CAMES)

The primary goal of Chinese agricultural development is to guarantee national food security and supply of major agricultural products. Hence, the scientific work on agricultural monitoring and early warning as well as agricultural outlook must be strengthened. In this study, we develop the China Agricultural Monitoring and Early-warning System(CAMES) on the basis of a comparative study of domestic and international agricultural outlook models. The system is a dynamic and multi-market partial equilibrium model that integrates biological mechanisms with economic mechanisms. This system, which includes 11 categories of 953 kinds of agricultural products, could dynamically project agricultural market supply and demand, assess food security, and conduct scenario analysis at different spatial levels, time scale levels, and macro-micro levels. Based on the CAMES, the production, consumption, and trade of the major agricultural products in China over the next decade are projected. The following conclusions are drawn: i) The production of major agricultural products will continue to grow steadily, mainly because of the increase in yield. ii) The growth of agricultural consumption will be slightly higher than that of agricultural production. Meanwhile, a high self-sufficiency rate is expected for cereals such as rice, wheat, and maize, with the rate being stable at around 97%. iii) Agricultural trade will continue to thrive. The growth of soybean and milk imports will slow down, but the growth of traditional agricultural exports such as vegetables and fruits is expected to continue.     

国内访花传粉昆虫研究的文献计量学分析

全面了解中国访花传粉昆虫领域的研究现状,客观地进行分析,为访花传粉昆虫科研工作者与决策者提供数据参考。以《中国知网》的《中国期刊全文数据库》为数据源,运用文献计量学的原理和方法,对访花传粉昆虫研究的年代、作者、机构、载文期刊、研究内容及基金资助进行分析。结果表明,检索出1980—2013年国内访花传粉昆虫研究专题256名作者在133种刊物上发表的308篇文献,揭示了30多年间国内该领域研究的动态变化和基本态势。中国访花传粉昆虫研究发文量逐年增加;机构分布广,高产机构较少;研究者众多,高产活跃作者队伍不够强大,核心作者数量及所发论文质量不是很高;研究内容广泛丰富,不同研究方向成果数量不均衡。     

从品种角度试论提高中国烤烟质量的途径

烤烟质量与卷烟产品质量和烟农植烟效益密切相关,而品种是烤烟生产的基础,从品种角度探讨提高中国烤烟质量的途径和方法具有重要意义。笔者在国内学者研究文献的基础上,归纳了烤烟质量的评价标准及其影响因素,并结合中国烟叶生产实际和育种实践经验,分析了品种对烤烟质量的作用。认为对烤烟质量的评价要结合卷烟工业用户对烟叶质量的具体诉求,就某一特定的生态环境而言,品种是影响烤烟质量诸多因素中的最重要的因素,其对烟叶质量的影响包括遗传背景对烟叶质量的决定作用、与生态条件互作对烟叶质量的强化作用、抗逆抗病性对烟叶质量的保障作用、与生产技术协调对烟叶质量的提升作用诸方面。据此,提出了从品种角度提高中国烤烟质量的途径,包括：（1）面向烟叶生产实际,开展良种选育;（2）强化品种区域布局,实施适地适种;（3）针对品种特征特性,实现良种良法。